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What is the purpose of milling?
The purpose of milling is to separate the wheat endosperm (the source of flour) from the germ and the bran layers, and to reduce the endosperm chunks to a fine powder. In conventional milling processes this is accomplished by passing the wheat kernels and their products through a series of pairs of rolls and sieves. The initial sets of rolls break open the seed coat and strip out the friable endosperm.
Subsequent sets of rolls grind the products finer, or perform other essential functions such as flattering the germ which facilitates its separation from the endosperm. At each stage, stacks of screens separate the ground material into several streams. These streams may be further processed by grinding, they may be drawn off for seed, or they may be combined to yield flours of different qualities.
By selecting the proper streams, the miller can furnish flours of widely varying quality from the same wheat blend. Of course, the inherent quality of the wheat places an upper limit on the excellence of flour which can be obtained from it. Ordinarily, about 70 % of the wheat kernel, emerges as flour of some sort.