One of the most significant branches of contemporary physics is the study of the fundamental ________ constituents of matter, the elementary particles.

Ответы:

+ subatomic

− indivisible

− atomic

− latent

Решение:

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать профессиональную лексику и перевести варианты ответов:
subatomic – субатомный;
indivisible – неделимый;
atomic – атомарный;
latent – латентный.
Согласно контексту, только вариант ответа subatomic является правильным: «Одной из самых значительных отраслей современной физики является изучение фундаментальных субатомных частиц, элементарных частиц».
ответ тест i-exam

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Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.
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In a gas atom like hydrogen, when the vibration increases the heat makes the atom expand more and lose its electron. The hydrogen atom becomes two separate charged particles: proton (+) and electron (−). Each of these particles is called plasma – a positive plasma and a negative plasma.
Plasma is not only produced by heat but also by particles bombarding the atoms. We can find plasma produced by heat in the sun, and plasma produced by particles bombarding the atoms in the ionosphere. We can also find artificial plasma during electric welding and inside fluorescent lamps.
Interstellar space, the stars, and most of the universe is plasma. our planet is a tiny mass in a sea of plasma.

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Electromagnetism
1. Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism. The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced.
2. Magnets are attracted to iron and to any material that contains iron. Magnets have two poles, a north pole and a south pole. Unmagnetized iron and steel have magnetic regions of atoms called domains that are jumbled up and point in lots of different directions. When iron or steel becomes magnetized, the domains become aligned and they all point in the same direction. One end of each domain points toward the magnetic north pole.
3. Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their direction.
Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is the study of electricity of paramount importance in electronics?

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Scope and importance of botany
1. In biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification, structure (anatomy and morphology), or function (physiology) of plant life.
2. Historically all living things were grouped as animals or plants, and botany covered all organisms not considered animals. Some organisms once included in the field of botany are no longer considered to belong to the plant kingdom – these include fungi (studied in mycology), lichens (lichenology), bacteria (bacteriology), viruses (virology) and single-celled algae, which are now grouped as part of the Protista. Paleobotanists study also ancient plants in the fossil record. It is believed that early in the Earth's history, the evolution of photosynthetic plants altered the global atmosphere of the earth, changing the ancient atmosphere by oxidation.
3. The study of plants is vital because they are a fundamental part of life on Earth, which generates the oxygen, food, fibres, fuel and medicine that allow humans and other life forms to exist. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that in large amounts can affect global climate. Additionally, they prevent soil erosion and are influential in the water cycle. A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of human societies as it allows us to produce food to feed an expanding population, to understand fundamental life processes, to produce medicine and materials to treat diseases.
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Child Psychology
1. Generally speaking, psychology is the study of the mind and how it works. The main issues studied by psychologists include learning, cognition, intelligence, motivation, emotion, personality, and the extent to which individual differences are shaped by genetics or environment. The methods used in psychological research include observation, interviews, psychological testing, laboratory experimentation, and statistical analysis.
2. One of the fields of psychology closely connected with education is child psychology. Child psychology is the study of psychological processes of children, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next.
3. The data of child psychology are gathered from a variety of sources. Observations by relatives, teachers, and other adults, as well as the psychologist’s direct observation of and interviews with a child, provide a significant amount of material. In some cases a one-way window or mirror is used so that children are free to interact with their environment or others without awareness that they are being watched. Personality tests and intelligence tests have also proved useful in understanding child development. The principle topics of child psychology include language acquisition and development, personality development, and social, emotional, and intellectual growth.
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